In this article experimental results of evaluation of the erosion process generated by mechanical wear caused by the collision of sand particles on the coating are presented. Also evaluated the dynamic corrosion generated in the thin film as a result of electrochemical etching. For this assay techniques of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and Tafel polarization curves were used, subsequently performed, tests combining mechanical wear and chemical in a solution consisting of 0.5 M NaCl and silica, in order to calculate the synergy to establish as the two essential conditions wear (mechanical and electrochemical) allowing to identify how they interact, surface analysis before and after each of the evaluations performed by the techniques of scanning electron microscopy and atomic force. Comparing the coating to the substrate is determined, the protective effect of the thin film in each of the phenomena of degradation exhibited.

Karevansara is a kind of building in Iranian old architecture which is designed for the passengers to rest in the middle of the way. These buildings have a multilayer space skeleton with a central courtyard, Ivans, rooms and stables around the yard. The interaction of Karevansaras with their environment has been improved as they were brought inside the cities. Out of city Karevansaras has the least communication with the environment. According to the Karevansara of Zeinedin, there is a hierarchy in rooms with more depth than stables Ivan as an intermediate space plays an important role in this hierarchy. Using features like Ivan in front of room, tall walls, multilayer plan, separated functions and only one entrance to the building without any window help creating privacy needed in a residential space. Smart use of structure in covering of Karevansara that effects space qualities produces spatial points according to the space personality. Numerous little spaces gathered together based on the central courtyard and they are changed in size or removed to emphasize on some points. Courtyard also has caused the facilities can be seen in first sight of a passenger. Rooms around the courtyard behind the Ivans and vestibule in front of entrance that provides access to stables are other points that make a Karevansara eligible.

Here we a new method to evaluate the system reliability of a flow network based on spanning trees with flow. By representing each link as a binary string of length N (N is the number of nodes) and performing all possible combinations between N-1 links, spanning trees without flow can be generated. Spanning trees with flow can then be obtained by summing the flow carried by each link. Finally, to illustrate their efficiency the proposed methods are applied to examples from the literature.

Taxation is the most important tool of the government\'s fiscal policy, which speeds up the process of economic growth, and constitutes one of the most major and most stable sources of income for governments. Comparison this source with other sources suggests that, whatever the contribution of taxes is more in provision of government expenditures, economic adverse effects are reduced, significantly. Accordingly, it is necessary to taxation problems, be analyzed by estimating the throughput and efficiency of the tax system, and practice, in order to overcome them, and to identify new ways of taxing, to reduce exist tax gap between tax revenues and tax capacity, by adopting the methods and measures. In the present study, as the regional study, is trying to rank Affairs tax Office of East of Tehran, by examining six factors influencing the actual capacity of tax, as amount of tax collecting, number of tax employees, etc, and testing their effectiveness with TOPSIS method, based on information from 2011, to evaluate the inter-organizational factors influence the capacity of the tax. In this study, researcher collected research data, without any kind of tampering, and with the help of interviews with tax experts, and visiting the tax affairs offices of East of the state. The results of the entropy technique, showed that the amount of collected taxes, with weight 0.2444, has the most importance, and the ratio of the number of records, compared with number of employees, with the weight of 0.0412, has the lowest importance among six identified indicators. Finally, it was determined that, among the tax Affairs Offices of East of Tehran, tax affairs office of Boomehen, with CA₂*=0.7099, is the first, and tax affairs office of Pardis, with the CA₁* =0.2493, is on the last place.

The internal network consists of communication substructures, governmental and nongovernmental developed data centers and software substructures that have been expanded across the nation. This network provides the required capacity for “maintenance and exchange of local information in the nation for electronic services development” and “access of internet” through nationwide bandwidth connecting bed for home users, businesses and executive administrations. This network integrates specialized, local and national networks in the country, consisting of two private and public sectors. The private sector is to connect and to exchange information and services between the executive administrations and private sector, providing the required services for general users. These two sectors join each other at such points as data centers. The problem of this research is the fact that since many national administrations have a number of access points and that all administrations must join this network within the next five years, and that identifying information technology indices such as existing points, connected to national headquarters and number of existing points, connected to provincial and city offices and number of existing and connected points of associated businesses for executive administrations of the nation is of great importance for materialization of an electronic government in the nation, in this research, we have been determined to prioritize the aforesaid factors and indices. The research method is of descriptive mathematical type and the technique used is TOPSIS. Moreover, the names of ministries have not been given herein this survey.

One of problems of manufacturing companies is to select the best manufacturing system according to Iran Khodro Company’s capabilities and market situation, competitors as well as economic and political conditions. One of the main challenges of organizations is estimating customer requirements with minimum cost in order to enhance the value and they seek to achieve this by applying effective procedures. In this regard,one of the best production systems is Kanban system, which is one of the key factors of just-in-time production (JIT) through pull production. However, most organizations have trouble in the establishment of this system and do not achieve the expected results. This study aimed to rank the factors affecting the establishment of Kanban system in Iran Khodro’s production line. The research method was descriptive-mathematical and data analysis method was fuzzy-ANP. In this study, key factors affecting the successful implementation of Kanban system were classified into nine major factors and seventy-four dependent factors using experts’ opinions and fuzzy-ANP technique. Finally, the best alternative was prioritized through paired comparisons and calculations were carried out using Super-Decision software. The results were also analyzed which “management support” was at the first ranking, “production engineering” was at the second ranking and “employees’ preparation” was at the third ranking and some suggestions were provided.

Biomass has a good potential as a source of electricity and heat, having a large availability. The residues of mature pruning are investigated as potential source of energy. The present research investigates the main characteristics of the briquettes made from vineyard pruning residues, such as moisture content, density, calorific power and compression strength. The results were compared with those of the briquettes made from other woody residues, such as beech wood and pine wood. Having the appropriate properties to be used as briquettes (high density, heating capacity and good compression strength), vineyard pruning biomass is a good perspective of energy resource in Romania.

In this work the Aluminium Nitride plasma produced by Nd:YAG pulsed laser, (λ = 1064 nm, 500 mJ, τ = 9 ns) with repetition rate of 10 Hz. The laser interaction on Al target (99.99%) under nitrogen gas atmosphere generates plasma which is produced at room temperature with variation in the pressure work from 0.39 Pa to 1.5 Pa matching with an applied laser fluence of 7 J/cm2. The AlN films deposited on Si (100) substrates exhibited a thickness 150 nm measured by a profilometer. Moreover it was studied the dependency of optical properties with the pressure of deposition. The plasma generated at different pressures was characterized by Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES). Was observed ionic and atomic species from the emission spectra obtained. The plume electronic temperature has been determined by assuming a Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium of the emitting species. Finally the electronic temperature was calculated with Boltzmann plot from relative intensities of spectral lines. The morphology and composition of the films were studied using atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis (XPS) and Raman Spectroscopy respectively. The optical reflectance spectra and color coordinates of the films were obtained by optical spectral reflectometry technique in the range from 400 to 900 cm-1. It was found in this work, a clear dependence in morphological properties and optical properties, as a function of the applied deposition pressure.

Introduction of restructuring and international companies in power sector entrusted for higher cost efficiency and better distribution quality through continuous development in business models for electric distribution. As a possible solution towards improving cost efficiency and better power quality, Public Private Partnership (PPP) based power distribution has been adopted by Indian power sector. The aim of the work in this paper is to identify key issues and challenges in PPP based power distribution model in India.

Biomass is one of the important source of renewable energy, from which it can be obtain a solid, liquid and gaseous combustion material. The composites wastes is a part from the biomass, that results from the processing wooden industry. In this paper is described the calorific power obtained from the chipboards, oriented strand board, fiberboard panels that are obtained from these composite materials have a high calorific power, closely to the fossil fuels. If this materials are collected and/or transformed in combustible wooden material ( pellets, briquettes) then can contributes to the ensuring the necessary energy for people or firms. The obtained calorific power values of 18555 kJ/Kg for chipboards, 19449 kJ/Kg for oriented strand board, 18904 kJ/Kg for medium fiber density show that such residuals obtained through processing may be successfully used as direct or indirect combustible.

Dispersity of wastes of all production including a domestic, agricultural, in-dustrial ones and violations of the natural systems which are heterogeneous for-mations comprising two or more phases with the developed surface is discussed. Dis-perse systems of wastes are classified into true solutions, finely dispersed colloid sys-tems, coarsely dispersed (mainly mineral wastes) and highly dispersed (organic wastes).

This research aimed to determine the chemical constituents and bioactivities of the seed extract of Antidesma bunius (L.) (Family Euphorbiaceae). Tests were conducted on diabetic rats. The extraction solvent used in this study was 95% ethanol. The chemical constituents of the seed extract were identified using the gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry method. Chemical constituents of seed extracts from A. bunius (ABSE) were Caryophyllene, Hexadecanoid acid, n-Hexadecanoid acid, Hexadecanoid acid, 9,12,15-Octadecatrienic acid, Linoleic acid ethyl ester, Octadecanoic acid ethyl ester and 2,6,10,14,18,22-Tetracosahexaene. The bioactivity was examined in both sexes of streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Oral administration of ABSE at a dose of 250 mg/kg to the diabetic rats for a total period of six weeks was conducted. The results showed that ABSE reduced the blood glucose level but did not increase the body weight in diabetic rats. Creatinine, albumin, total protein, BUN, serum insulin, and pancreatic tissues in diabetic rats treated with ABSE were not different from Normal rats. However, Hct, Hb, RBC and WBC, ALP, Cholesterol, Low density lipoprotein (LDL), High density lipoprotein (HDL) and Triglyceride were significantly (Significant Difference at p<0.05) higher than in normal rats and diabetic rats. The antioxidative capacity employing the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH) assay revealed that ABSE possessed antioxidant activity with EC50= 2174.38 ±14.24 µg/ml compared to vitamin C 8.96±0.33 µg/ml. Total phenolic content of ABSE was found to be 76.71 mg gallic acid/g . Catechin and Quercetin in ABSE was 217.70±1.77 ug/g and 348.89±3.07 ug/g.

In this paper, two different configurations of dual-band rectangular microstrip patch antenna for microwave RFID reader applications are presented. The performance of the antennas has been discussed in terms of return loss, voltage standing wave ratio, and bandwidth. The first design has an overall size of 65×56×1.6 m3, while the second one has a miniature size of 44×41×1.6 m3. Both antennas are printed on FR4 substrate with dielectric constant of 4.4. The first antenna resonates at 2.46 GHz and 5.78 GHz with bandwidths of 100 MHz (2.4–2.5 GHz) and 200 MHz (5.6-5.8 GHz), respectively. The second one resonates at 2.47 GHz (from 2.4 to 2.5 GHz) and at 5.8 GHz (from 5.8 to 6.0 GHz). Prototype for both antennas are fabricated and measured. Good agreement between the measured and simulated results is achieved. The antennas meet the requirements specifications for 802.11 WLAN and Bluetooth standards.

Reaction time is a term that is used to explain the interval time between the appearance of a stimulus and the initiation of the muscular response to that any expected and unexpected stimulus. The reaction time is varies depending on such factors as type of the stimulus, type of the response, age, gender, education, training status, warming, fatigue condition. In this study, reaction time and body mass index of students playing football and not playing football (sedentary) is investigated.\nTotal number of 76 eligible children that is playing football for a regularly 6 months (2 days a week) in the football school and total number of 43 sedentary children in Gaziantep is included. Children\'s weight and height measurements were recorded and body mass index percentiles were calculated. With ten times in a row, not rhythmic sound stimuli were given to children in both groups and average values were recorded. The relationship between reaction time and age, body mass index percentiles were investigated. Average values were compared statistically.\nReaction time was significantly short in training children (Right foot: p < 0.0004 and Left foot: p < 0.0002). In addition, body mass index percentiles in training children is highly significant when compared to sedentary children (p < 0.006).\nBased on these results we demonstrated that a regular fitness training and nutritional status have important contribution to reaction time. In particular, starting sport at an early age is very important for health.

The effect of signal modulated radiation on the performance of Quantum Dot Transistor (QD Transistor) under optical illumination is investigated. A device structure consist of Quantum Dots (QD) in the GaAs layer of nAlGaAs/GaAs MODFET known as QD Transistor is considered for illumination. The photoconductive effect in the GaAs and QD layer which increases the 2DEG Channel electron concentration is considered. The excess carriers due to photo generation are obtained by solving the a.c continuity equation. The energy levels are modified due to generation of carriers. The offset voltage, sheet concentration , I-V characteristics, transfer characteristics as a function of frequency have been evaluated and discussed. The I-V characteristics shows a better sensitivity , amplifying and switching capability of the device with respect to incident optical power density.

Architectural design process is usually run based on a detailed plan reflecting human needs in both functional and aesthetic context. However, due to the necessity of comprehensive attention to various design aspects including social, economic, technological and structural and etc. detailed design and the interaction among the constituting elements of the space and production method, are usually less considered during the design process while it is considered as one of the main elements of industrial design methods. Therefore, in order to achieve a more complete and productive response to human needs and architectural and manufacturing requirements, it is necessary to develop a strategy toward a detailed and comprehensive consideration on the design of physical and non-physical architectural elements and their interaction. This paper with regard to the similarities and differences between the two fields of architecture and industrial design will analyze the common trend in architecture and industrial design procedures and evaluate the possibilities of their interaction toward the development of a comprehensive design approach in architecture. Moreover, the main proposals and built architectural examples designed from a notion that see architecture and all its constituting elements including furniture and structure as a single entity are investigated. Finally this paper by evaluating the systematic design approach of industrial design in the careful consideration to design details, ergonomics and the functionality of the product, a new comprehensive architectural design method called “decomposition, consistency and composition”(DCC) is proposed.

The main purpose of this paper is to propose a methodology for the design of transformable, adaptable and complex architecture that make use of the maximum capabilities of natural systems. The proposed methodology is also makes the designer able to come up with creative design solution for complex structures that involve various aesthetic, functional and technical parameters. In order to propose this methodology, the main existing methods for the design of complex structures including deployable structures from nature are investigated, and based on their weaknesses and advantages, a new comprehensive methodology is proposed. The proposed method was testified and proved to be effective by the examination of the design principles and constructive features of the Iris Barbata Flower and its employment for the design of transformable architecture. The results of this study show that the new nature-inspired design method unlike many existing alternatives does not restrict the designers’ creative thinking and allows them to interactively consider many design factors that are to be taken into consideration for the design of transformable and complex architectural structures. This technique may also provide an opportunity for the designer to propose other alternatives and solutions that may be employed in other disciplines including engineering and industrial design.

The aim of the paper is to investigate the calorific power growth of wooden species from South-East Europe by using thermal processes. The applying of the thermal process on the wood material in the form of sawdust offers modification on the chemical level. The native species (Beech, Spruce, Larix and Oak) as sawdust were thermally treated at the temperature of 200, 220, 240, 260, 280, 300 oC in a calcinations laboratory oven for 5 and 10 minutes. The important result obtained in the course of the research is the increase of sawdust calorific power in the torrefaction time. The efficiency of biomass used as fuel consists in calorific density increase, usually obtained by torrefaction. Biomass is a renewable source of energy that can compete on the energetical market with other renewable sources of energy such as solar, wind, geothermal, etc.

Maize is the most important cereal crop in sub-Saharan Africa, high yielding and easy to process crop. A factorial experiment randomized in complete block design with three replications was conducted during 2011/12 and 2012/13 planting seasons. The experiment comprised of three cropping systems (cowpea-maize rotation, monocropping maize and intercropped maize), three sites (Potchefstroom, Taung and Rustenburg) and two rates of nitrogen fertilizers applied in kg ha-1 at each site (0 and 95 at Potchefstroom, 0 and 92 at Rustenburg, 0 and 113.5 at Taung). The experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of cropping system, site, and nitrogen fertilization on maize yield. The measured yield parameters were maize ear length, ear mass, kernel number per ear, hundred seed mass and grain yield. Cowpea-maize in rotation had significantly higher ear mass, kernel number per ear and grain yield than maize planted on intercropping system. The application of nitrogen fertilizer under rotational cropping system contributes to higher yield of maize. In this study, maize ear mass and grain yield were significantly affected by the interaction effect of cropping system x site x nitrogen fertilization.

Banks have spent a great deal of time and money developing online banking systems to allow customers an easy and convenient way to manage their money. In order for these banking systems to expand further, secure transactions with the trust of the consumers are necessary. Online banking has come to age as an arms race between banking systems and public network attackers. The need for stronger user authentication in an online banking system has become necessary to ensure customer security, confidence, and acceptance of these online banking systems. The standard means of user authentication, such as username and password are no longer strong enough to ensure appropriate access control to customer’s accounts and personal information. To this end, in this paper we will attempt a new technique to address this issue by developing a theoretical framework which may improve the online banking security. It is known that the quantum cryptography protocols are able to detect immediately any attempt to attack the key exchange and the authentication process. In this paper we will describe the use of BB84 protocol for user authentication in online banking systems.